Corset Wide Kimono
Han Chinese clothing
History
A Tang Dynasty portrait of Confucius (by Wu Daozi) showing him in Hanfu of the Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
12th century Chinese painting of The Night Revels of Han Xizai () showing musicians dressed in Hanfu
Hanfu has a history of more than three millennia, and is said to have been worn by the legendary Yellow Emperor. From the beginning of its history, Hanfu (especially in elite circles) was inseparable from silk, supposedly discovered by the Yellow Emperor consort, Leizu. The first solidly historical dynasty known of in China, the Shang Dynasty (c.1600 BC-1000 BC), developed the rudiments of Hanfu; it consisted of a yi, a narrow-cuffed, knee-length tunic tied with a sash, and a narrow, ankle-length skirt, called shang, worn with a bixi, a length of fabric that reached the knees. Vivid primary colors and green were used, due to the degree of technology at the time.
The dynasty to follow the Shang, the Western Zhou Dynasty, established a strict hierarchical society that used clothing as a status meridian, and inevitably, the height of one rank influenced the ornateness of a costume. Such markers included the length of a skirt, the wideness of a sleeve and the degree of ornamentation. In addition to these class-oriented developments, the Hanfu became looser, with the introduction of wide sleeves and jade decorations hung from the sash which served to keep the yoi closed. The yi was essentially wrapped over, in a style known as jiaoling youren, or wrapping the right side over before the left, because of the initially greater challenge to the right-handed wearer (the Chinese discouraged left-handedness like many other historical cultures, considering it unnatural and unfortunate).
In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the “deep robe” (shenyi) appeared a combination of tunic and skirt. The upper and lower halves were cut separately but sewn as a single unit. An additional change was the shaping of the left side of the costume into a corner, fastened on the chest. Perhaps because of Confucian influence, disapproving of a hierarchical society in favour of social mobility based on personal merit, the shenyi was swiftly adopted. There still existed an elite however, and they monopolised the more ornate fabrics and grandiose details.
Standard Style
Garments
The style of Han Chinese clothing can be summarized as containing garment elements that are arranged in distinctive and sometime specific ways. This may be different from the traditional garment of other ethnic groups in China, most notably the Manchurian-influenced Chinese clothes, the qipao, which is popularly assumed to be the solely recognizable style of “traditional” Chinese garb. A comparison of the two styles can be seen as follows:
Component
Han
Manchu
Upper Garment
Consist of “yi” (), which have loose lapels and are open
Consist of “pao” (), which have secured lapels around the neck and no front openings
Lower Garment
Consist of skirts called “chang/shang” (pronounced ch-a-ng) (pronounced sh-a-ng) ()
Consist of pants or trousers called “ku” ( pronounced k-oo)()
Collars
Generally, diagonally crossing each other, with the left crossing over the right
Parallel vertical collars with parallel diagonal lapels, which overlap
Sleeves
Long and loose
Narrow and tight
Buttons
Sparingly used and concealed inside the garment
Numerous and prominently displayed
Fittings
Belts and sashes are used to close, secure, and fit the garments around the waist
Flat ornate buttoning systems are typically used to secure the collar and fit the garment around the neck and upper torso
Shenyi () a type of Han Chinese clothing commonly worn from the pre-Shang periods to the Han Dynasty. This form is known as the quju () and worn primarily by women.
A complete Hanfu garment is assembled from several pieces of clothing into an attire:
Yi (): Any open cross-collar garment, and worn by both sexes
Pao (): Any closed full-body garment, worn only by men in Hanfu
Ru (): Open cross-collar shirt
Shan (): Open cross-collar shirt or jacket that is worn over the yi
Qun () or shang (): Skirt for women and men, respectively
Ku (): Trousers or pants
People are also able to accessorize with tassels and jade pendants or various ornaments hung from the belt or sash, known as pei ().
Hats and headwear
On top of the garments, hats (for men) or hairpieces (for women) may be worn. One can often tell the profession or social rank of someone by what they wear on their heads. The typical male hat or cap is called a jin () for commoners and guan () for the privileged. Officials and academics have a separate set of hats for them, typically the putou (), the wushamao (), the si-fang pingding jin (; or simply, fangjin: ) and the Zhuangzi jin (). A typical hairpiece for women is a ji () but there are more elaborate hairpieces.
Traditionally, Chinese men wear their hats indoors as well as outdoors unlike their Western counterparts. This is mainly because most hats are too impractical to take off and carry around.
Style
Another type of Han Chinese Shenyi () commonly worn from the pre-Shang periods to the Han Dynasty. This form is known as the zhiju () and worn primarily by men
Han-Chinese clothing had changed and evolved with the fashion of the days since its commonly assumed beginnings in the Shang dynasty. Many of the earlier designs are more gender-neutral and simple in cuttings. Later garments incorporate multiple pieces with men commonly wearing pants and women commonly wearing skirts. Clothing for women usually accentuates the body’s natural curves through wrapping of upper garment lapels or binding with sashes at the waist.
Each dynasty has their own styles of Hanfu as they evolved and only few styles are ‘fossilized’.
Informal wear
Types include tops (yi) and bottoms (divided further into pants and skirts for both genders, with different terminologies qun for females and shang for males), and one-piece robes that wrap around the body once or several times (shenyi).
Shenyi (): a long full body garment
Quju (): diagonal body wrapping
Zhiju (): straight lapels
Zhongyi () or zhongdan (): inner garments, mostly white cotton or silk
Shanqun (): a short coat with a long skirt
Ruqun (): a top garment with a separate lower garment or skirt
Kuzhe (): a short coat with trousers
Zhiduo/zhishen (/): a Ming Dynasty style robe, similar to a zhiju shenyi but with vents at the side and ‘stitched sleeves’ (i.e. the sleeve cuff is closed save a small opening for the hand to go through)
Two traditional forms of ruqun (), a type of Han Chinese clothing worn by women. Cuffs and sleeves on the upper garment may be tighter or looser depending on style. A short skirt or weighted braid (with weight provided by a jade or gold pendant) is sometimes worn to improve aesthetics or comfort of the basic ruqun.
A typical set of Hanfu can consist of two or three layers. The first layer of clothing is mostly the zhongyi () which is typically the inner garment much like a Western T-shirt and pants. The next layer is the main layer of clothing which is mostly closed at the front. There can be an optional third layer which is often an overcoat called a zhaoshan which is open at the front. More complicated sets of Hanfu can have many more layers.
For footwear, white socks and black cloth shoes (with white soles) are the norm, but in the past, shoes may have a front face panel attached to the tip of the shoes. Daoists, Buddhists and Confucians may have white stripe chevrons.
Semi-formal wear
A piece of Hanfu can be “made semi-formal” by the addition of the following appropriate items:
Chang/shang: a pleated skirt
Bixi (): long front cloth panel attached from the waist belt
Zhaoshan (): long open fronted coat
Guan or any formal hats
Generally, this form of wear is suitable for meeting guests or going to meetings and other special cultural days. This form of dress is often worn by the nobility or the upper-class as they are often expensive pieces of clothing, usually made of silks and damasks. The coat sleeves are often deeper than the shenyi to create a more voluminous appearance.
Men and women in xuanduan formal wear at a Confucian ceremony in China.
Formal wear
In addition to informal and semi-formal wear, there is a form of dress that is worn only at certain special occasions (like important sacrifices or religious activities) or by special people who are entitled to wear them (such as officials and emperors).
Formal garments may include:
Xuanduan (): a very formal dark robe; equivalent to the Western white tie
Daopao/Fusha (/): Taoist/Buddhist priests’ full dress ceremonial robes
Yuanlingshan (), lanshan () or panlingpao (): closed, round-collared robe; mostly used for official or academical dress
The most formal Hanfu that a civilian can wear is the xuanduan (sometimes called yuanduan ), which consists of a black or dark blue top garment that runs to the knees with long sleeve (often with white piping), a bottom red chang, a red bixi (which can have a motif and/or be edged in black), an optional white belt with two white streamers hanging from the side or slightly to the front called peishou (), and a long black guan. Additionally, wearers may carry a long jade gui () or wooden hu () tablet (used when greeting royalty). This form of dress is mostly used in sacrificial ceremonies such as Ji Tian () and Ji Zu (), etc but is also appropriate for state occasions.
Those in the religious orders wear a plain middle layer garment followed by a highly decorated cloak or coat. Taoists have a ‘scarlet gown’ () which is made of a large cloak sewn at the hem to create very long deep sleeves used in very formal rituals. They are often scarlet or crimson in color with wide edging and embroidered with intricate symbols and motifs such as the eight trigrams and the yin and yang Taiji symbol. Buddhist have a cloak with gold lines on a scarlet background creating a brickwork pattern which is wrapped around over the left shoulder and secured at the right side of the body with cords. There may be further decorations, especially for high priests.
Those in academia or officialdom have distinctive gowns (known as shangfu in court dress terms). This varies over the ages but they are typically round collared gowns closed at the front. The most distinct feature is the headwear which has ‘wings’ attached. Only those who passed the civil examinations are entitled to wear them, but a variation of it can be worn by ordinary scholars and laymen and even for a groom at a wedding (but with no hat).
Court dress
Court dress is the dress worn at very formal occasions and ceremonies that are in the presence of a monarch (such as an enthronement ceremony). The entire ensemble of clothing can consist of many complex layers and look very elaborate. Court dress is similar to the xuanduan in components but have additional adornments and elaborate headwear. They are often brightly colored with vermillion and blue. There are various versions of court dress that are worn for certain occasions.
Court dress refers to:
Romanization
Hanzi
Definition
Chaofu
ceremonial court dress of officials or nobility
Jifu
ceremonial dress used at state sacrifices
Gongfu
a formal version of everyday court dress
Shangfu
everyday court dress
Mianfu
ceremonial/enthronement dress for emperors
The practical use of court dress is now obsolete in the modern age since there is no reigning monarch in China anymore.
Specific Style
Historically, Han Clothing has influenced many of its neighbouring cultural costumes, such as Japanese kimono, yukata, and the Vietnamese o t thn. Vice versa, elements of Hanfu have also been influenced by neighbouring cultural costumes, especially by the nomadic peoples to the north, and Central Asian cultures to the west by way of the Silk Road.
Tang Dynasty Hanfu
Tang Dynasty was a period of golden age for the people where culture and economy were thriving. Especially, the Women’s dress and personal adornments saw some major reform in this era. Although it still continues the clothing of its predecessors such as Han and Sui dynasties, fashion during the Tang was also influenced by its cosmopolitan culture and arts. Communications and trades were flourishing between the Tang and many places and cultures and that it has changed the thoughts and concepts of the old practices. Before the Tang, Chinese women were restricted by the old Confucian code where women’s statues were low and their clothing have to be conceal. However during the Tang, women’s clothing gradually became broad and loose. Tang Dynasty was considered by some as another turning point for Hanfu. During the Tang era, foreign culture was lively accepted by the Chinese and blended into Chinese traditional culture. Such foreign cultures ranged from Gandhara, Turkistan, Persian to Hellenism, while these influences were fused together into the Tang clothing without the prominence of one particular culture.
Song Dynasty Hanfu
Some features of Tang Clothing carried into the Song Dynasty Such as court customs. Song court customs often use red color for their garments with black leather shoe and hats.Collar edges and sleeve edges of all clothes that have been excavated were decorated with laces or embroidered patterns. Such clothes were decorated with patterns of peony, camellia, plum blossom, and lily, etc. Song Empress often had three to five distinctive Jewelry-like marks on their face (Two side of the cheek,other two next to the eyebrows and one on the forehead). Although some of Song clothing have similarities with previous dynasties, some unique characteristics separate it from the rest. Many of Song Clothing goes into Yuan and Ming.
Ming Dynasty Hanfu
Ming Dynasty also brought many changes to its clothing as many dynasties do. They implemented metal buttons and the collar changed from the symmetrical type of the Song Dynasty (960-1279) to the main circular type. Compared with the costume of the Tang Dynasty (618-907), the proportion of the upper outer garment to lower skirt in the Ming Dynasty was significantly inverted. Since the upper outer garment was shorter and the lower garment was longer, the jacket gradually became longer to shorten the length of the exposed skirt. Young ladies in the mid Ming Dynasty usually preferred to dress in these waistcoats. The waistcoats in the Qing Dynasty were transformed from those of the Yuan Dynasty. During the Ming Dynasty, Confucian codes and ideals was popularized and it has significant effect on clothing.
v d e
Types of Han Chinese clothing
Han clothing
Diyi Daxiushan Ruqun Zhiduo Banbi Beizi Chang-ao Daopao Shenyi Yuanlingshan Panling Lanshan
Headwear
Tang official headwear Song official headwear Ming official headwear
Other
Phoenix crown Mandarin square
Ethnic identity
According to Tang Dynasty scholar Kong Yingda’s official commentary to Zuo Zhuan and Shang Shu, Chinese clothing plays an important role in the Chinese ethnic identity. It says, “In China, there is the grandeur of rites and social conduct; that is why it is called Xia (). There is the beauty of dress and decoration; this is called Hua () .” The words Hua and Xia combine to form the word Huaxia (), which is a name that is often used to represent the Chinese civilization.
Gallery
A female servant and male advisor in Chinese silk robes, ceramic figurines from the Western Han Period (202 BC 9 AD)
A Han Dynasty (202 BCE 220 CE) pottery statuette of a female dancer
Yuanlingshan robes of a Tang emperor
Court ladies of the Tang from Li Xianhui’s tomb, Qianling Mausoleum, dated 706.
A painting of Tang Dynasty women playing with a dog, by artist Zhou Fang, 8th century.
A Song Dynasty empress, wife of Emperor Zhenzong of Song
Imperial Portrait of the empress and wife to Emperor Qinzong of (11001161) of the Song Dynasty in China.
A Ming Dynasty portrait of an Empress
A Ming Dynasty portrait of a noblewoman wearing yuanlingshan, xiapei and phoenix crown
Taoist priest in red colored gown
Tang Dynasty Styled Hanfu
See also
Hanfu movement
List of Han Chinese clothing
Culture of China
Chinese academic dress
Guan Li
Mandarin square
Notes
^ Gernet, Jacques (1962). Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250-1276. Translated by H. M. Wright. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-8047-0720-0.
^
^ Xu, Zhongguo Gudai Lisu Cidian, p. 7.
^ Daoist Headdresses and Dress – Scarlet Robe
^ High Priest of the Shaolin Monastery
^ Stevens, Rebecca (1996). The kimono inspiration: art and art-to-wear in America. Pomegranate. pp. 131142. ISBN 0876545983.
^ Dalby, Liza (2001). Kimono: Fashioning Culture. Washington, USA: University of Washington Press. pp. 2532. ISBN 0-295-98155-5.
^
^
^ Finnane, Antonia (2008), Changing clothes in China: fashion, history, nation, Columbia University Press, pp. 4446, ISBN 0231143508, http://books.google.com/books?id=Ju3N4VeiQ28C&q=nomad#v=snippet&q=nomad
^ Kim, Sohyun. A Study on the Costume of Khotan, The Korean Society of Costume, v. 34, 169-183. 1997.
^ Costume in the Tang Dynastychinaculture.org retrieved 2010-01-07
^ Yoon, Ji-Won (2006). Research of the Foreign Dancing Costumes: From Han to Sui-Tang Dynasty. 56. The Korean Society of Costume. pp. 5772. http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/IS_mvpopo212L.do?cn1=JAKO200617033616779&poid=kna&method=download.
^ Costume in the Song Dynastychinaculture.org retrieved 2010-01-07
^ Costume in the Ming Dynastychinaculture.org retrieved 2010-01-07
^
^
^
References
Zhou Xibao (1984), Zhongguo Gudai Fushi Shi (History of Ancient Chinese Costume), Beijing: Zhongguo Xiju.
Zhou, Xun; Gao, Chunming; The Chinese Costumes Research Group (1984), 5000 Years of Chinese Costume, Hong Kong: The Commercial Press. ISBN 9620750217
Xu Jialu (1991), Zhongguo Gudai Lisu Cidian (Dictionary of Rituals and Customs of Ancient China).
Shen Congwen (1999, 2006), Zhongguo Gudai Fushi Yanjiu (Researches on Ancient Chinese Costumes), Shanghai: Shanghai Century Publishing Group. ISBN 7-80678-329-6
, Huang Nengfu and Chen Juanjuan (1999), Zhonghua Lidai Fushi Yishu (The Art of Chinese Clothing Through the Ages), Beijing.
Hua, Mei (2004), Gudai Fushi (Ancient Costume), Beijing: Wenmu Chubanshe. ISBN 7-5010-1472-8
External links
The History of Chinese Clothing
Hanfu Review An English Hanfu Blog
Traditional Chinese Clothing Gallery
Additional info
Hanfu Union (Chinese)
Hanfu Promotion Association
v d e
Clothing
Materials
Cotton Fur Leather Linen Nylon Polyester Rayon Silk Spandex Wool
Tops
Blouse Crop top Dress shirt Halterneck Henley shirt Hoodie Jersey Guernsey (clothing) Polo shirt Shirt Sleeveless shirt Sweater T-shirt Tube top Turtleneck
Trousers or pants
Bell-bottoms Bermuda shorts Bondage pants Boxer shorts Capri pants Cargo pants Culottes Cycling shorts Dress pants Jeans Jodhpurs Overall Parachute pants Phat pants Shorts Sweatpants Windpants
Skirts
A-line skirt Ballerina skirt Fustanella Hobble skirt Jean skirt Job skirt Leather skirt Kilt Men’s skirts Microskirt Miniskirt Pencil skirt Poodle skirt Prairie skirt Rah-rah skirt Sarong Skort Slip Train Wrap
Dresses
Ball gown Cocktail dress Evening gown Gown Jumper dress Little black dress Petticoat Sari Sundress Tea gown Wedding dress
Suits and uniforms
Academic dress Afrocentric suit Black tie Buddhist monastic robe Clerical clothing Court dress Gymslip Jumpsuit Lab coat Mao suit Morning dress Pantsuit Red Sea rig Scrubs Stroller Tangzhuang Tuxedo White tie
Outerwear
Abaya Academic gown Anorak Apron Blazer Cloak Coat Duffle coat Frock coat Jacket Greatcoat Hoodie Opera coat Overcoat Pea coat Poncho Raincoat Redingote Robe Shawl Shrug Ski suit Sleeved blanket Top coat Trench coat Vest Waistcoat Windbreaker
Underwear
Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Brassiere Briefs Compression shorts Corselet Corset Knickers Lingerie Long underwear Men’s undergarments Panties Teddy Trunks Undershirt
Accessories
Belly chain Belt Bow tie Chaps Coin purse Earring Gaiters Gloves Handbag Leg warmer Leggings Necklace Necktie Scarf Stocking Sunglasses Suspenders Tights
Footwear
Athletic shoe Boot Dress shoe Flip-flops Hosiery Pump Sandal Shoe Slipper Sock
Headwear
Balaclava Cap Fascinator Gaung Paung Hat Headband Helmet Hijab Hood Kerchief Mantilla Niqb Sombrero Turban Ushanka Veil
Nightwear
Babydoll Blanket sleeper Negligee Nightcap Nightgown Nightshirt Peignoir Pajamas
Swimwear
Bikini Swim diaper Wetsuit
Clothing parts
Back closure Buckle Button Buttonhole Collar Cuff Elastic Fly Hemline Hook-and-eye Lapel Neckline Pocket Shoulder pad Shoulder strap Sleeve Snap Strap Velcro Waistline Zipper
National costume
Abaya Aboyne dress o b ba o di o t thn Baro’t saya Barong Tagalog Bunad jbningurinn Cheongsam Dashiki Deel Dhoti Dirndl Djellaba Gkti Gho & Kira Han Chinese clothing Hanbok Jellabiya Jilbb Kebaya Kente cloth Kilt Kimono Lederhosen Sampot Sarafan Sari Sarong Scottish dress
Historical garments
Banyan Bedgown Bodice Braccae Breeches Breeching Brunswick Chemise Chiton Chlamys Doublet Exomis Farthingale Frock Himation Hose Houppelande Jerkin Justacorps Palla Peplos Polonaise Smock-frock Stola Toga Tunic
History and surveys
Africa Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Ancient world Anglo-Saxon Byzantine Clothing terminology Dress code Early Medieval Europe Formal wear Han Chinese clothing History of clothing and textiles History of Western fashion series (1100s-2000s) Sumptuary law Timeline of clothing and textiles technology Undergarments Vietnam Women wearing pants
See also
Adaptive clothing Adult diaper Bathrobe Costume Fashion Ironing Laundry Locking clothing Reversible garment
Categories: Chinese clothing | Han ChineseHidden categories: Articles containing simplified Chinese language text | Articles containing traditional Chinese language text
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